There is a picture of me at the age of 7 or 8 decked out in my
cowboy suit – replete with hat, gun, scarf and cowboy boots. My gun is
drawn and pointed in the direction of my sister Charlotte, four years
younger. Charlotte is appropriately attired in a cowgirl suit as we
stand smiling in front of a well-decorated Christmas tree. Clutched in
Charlotte’s left arm is a doll, a White doll. It was not usual
for Black girls to have White dolls in the 1950s and at our age, it
seemed no big deal. But it was a big deal to my stepfather, William
Polk, who was concerned about the self-esteem of Charlotte and, later,
Chris and Sue, my other sisters. Although Black dolls were rare back
then, William thought my sisters should only play with dolls that
looked like them. With only a fifth grade education, my
stepfather relied on his intuition to reach that conclusion. But what
he felt in his gut was later quantified by husband-and-wife
psychologists Kenneth B. and Mamie Clark. They conducted groundbreaking
doll studies in the 1950s in which they sought to learn how America’s
concept of beauty impacted the self-esteem of African-American children. The
couple conducted a series of tests in which they showed Blacks kids
White dolls and Black dolls. In each instance, most of the Black
children preferred to play with White dolls over Black ones. Moreover,
they considered the White dolls good and pretty and the Black dolls bad
and ugly. Their research was cited in Brown v. Board of
Education, the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case outlawing segregated
public schools. Even during the season we celebrate the birth
of Christ, racism does not take a holiday. And one of our defenses, in
and out of season, has been to resort to laughter. I can’t say
that was my frame of mind in 1984 when I was covering Jesse Jackson’s
first presidential bid. When you are on the road seven days a week,
often working 12- to 15-hour days, the mind comes up with all kinds of
whacky things. Such was the case when I made the mistake of telling the
candidate that I believed Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer was a brother. At first, Jesse Jackson was dismissive. But that didn’t prevent me from arguing my point. “Think about the lyrics,” I suggested. “Rudolph, the red-nosed reindeer had a very shiny nose. And if you ever saw him, you would even say it glows.”
Don’t
act like you don’t know what I am talking about. When it gets cold, our
nose definitely shine. But next came the definitive proof – at least in
my mind – that Rudolph was Black.
“All of the other reindeer used to laugh and call him names. They never let poor Rudolph join in any reindeer games.”
It
can’t be clearer than that. Can’t you just see them calling poor
Rudolph the R-word? And of course, they didn’t allow him to join their
games.
But when the big, fat, bearded one chose Rudolph to guide his sleigh, everyone suddenly had a change of heart. “Then all of the reindeer loved him as they shouted out with glee, Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer, you’ll go down in history!”
Jesse Jackson’s response? “George, you have lost your mind.”
Apparently,
I hadn’t. It wasn’t long before I heard Jesse Jackson telling my
Rudolph story on radio. He was telling it to Tom Joyner as if it were
his story. But any journalist who has traveled with Jesse Jackson for
any length of time knows that’s an occupational hazard. Sylvester
Monroe, a correspondent for Newsweek magazine, showed Jackson a
greeting card on the campaign that had caught his attention. Again,
Jackson did not appear to be impressed – not until we heard Jackson
reciting the words during a speech. That’s classic Jesse Jackson. Back
to the White dolls, you would think that after nearly 50 years – and
millions of Black dolls – that Black kids would have better
self-esteem. If you think that, think again. In 2005, Kiri Davis,
an 18-year-old filmmaker, decided to replicate the doll experiments
with 21 Black children at a daycare center in New York. In her
experiment, 15 of the 21 children preferred the White doll, whom they
considered nice and pretty. My stepfather knew what he was talking about.
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